Security in the Nation's Capital and the Closure of Pennsylvania Avenue

An assessment of possible ways in which Pennsylvania Avenue could have been reopened without compromising the safety and security of the President prior to September 11. The context and circumstances that influenced the 1995 decision to close the section of Pennsylvania Avenue directly in front of the White House are examined, along with that decision's continued validity and appropriateness in light of developments, including trends in terrorism, since 1995.